INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
type: channel
description: Kashmir Policy Research Institute (KPRI) publishes “International Journal of Kashmir Studies” (ISSN 2705-5855) ISSN (2706-5863) biannually. "International Journal of Kashmir Studies" seeks to provide a forum for academic research publications on issues and problems primarily relating to the Kashmir conflict. IJKS welcomes contributions by researchers, academicians, administrators, policy makers and all others interested in promoting better understanding in managing, transforming and resolving the Kashmir conflict. The Journal of Kashmir Studies is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary (integrated art, humanities and social science) peer-reviewed(one national and one international) biannually published research journal owned by the Kashmir Policy Research Institute (KPRI).
publisher: KPRI
language: en
publication name: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
issn: 2706-5855
items: The Interplay between Leadership Behavior and Labour rights: A Synergistic Evolutionary Perspective
items: BRICS: Opportunities and Challenges for the European Union
items: Russo-US Power Politics in the Arctic: Implications on Climate Change (2010-2025)
items: Pakistan's Middle Power Moment and the Re-Internationalization of Kashmir in the 2025 Polycrisis
items: Abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A and Its Regional Implications: Evidence through Systematic Literature Review Published During (2019-2026)
items: Revisiting Kashmir in the Third Nuclear Age: Implications for Strategic Stability in South Asia
items: Operation Sindoor and the Geopolitics of Kashmir: Strategic Competition and Regional Security in South Asia
items: My People the Sioux by Luther Standing Bear
items: Contribution of China- USA Relationship in the Web of Science Database: A Bibliometric Analysis
items: The Kashmir Conflict: Geography, Politics, and United Nations Intervention
items: Kashmir Terrorism and Politics of Blame
items: Examining Human Rights Violations in IIOJK: Post-Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution
items: The Kashmir Issue between India and Pakistan: Political, Strategic, and Humanitarian Dimensions
items: The Impact of Social Media Censorship and Algorithmic Bias on Kashmir’s Digital Visibility
items: Media, Nationalism, and the Kashmir Crisis: A Comparative Content Analysis of Two Leading South Asian Newspapers
items: Militarization and Everyday Life in Indian-Administered Kashmir Post-1989
items: Impact of Power Unification and Simultaneous Interpretation by Superior Judiciary: A Critical Analysis
items: Indo-Pak Policies Appraisal vis-à-vis contemporary Kashmir Conflict Dynamics
items: The New Emerging Technology Cyber Capabilities: Prospective Hazards on Deterrence Stability between India and Pakistan
items: The situation of AJK in 1947: Progress of the past 77 years
items: Youth’s expectations from the government of AJK: Initiatives of recent government
items: Endangered Kashmiri Language: Threat to Kashmiri Identity
items: Ethnic Cleansing of Muslims in IOJK and Life at LOC
items: Pro-Environment Workforce: Employee Behavior in the Pharmaceutical Companies of Sundar Industrial Estate
items: Demographic Changes in Indian Occupied Jammu and Kashmir and the UN Resolutions
items: Dialectic of Trauma in Kashmiri and African American Literature: A Comparative Study of Shahnaz Bashir and Toni Morrison
items: International Law and Self Determination: A Case for Kashmir’s Special Status
items: The Third Wave of Democratic Transition in Pakistan 1980-1990
items: Exploring the Contested Nature of Cyber Crimes and Identity Theft: The Case of Balancing Security and Privacy in Pakistan’s Cyber Laws
items: Role of Islamic Work Ethics: Analysis of Nurses’ Job Stress & Performance Relationship

The Interplay between Leadership Behavior and Labour rights: A Synergistic Evolutionary Perspective
type: item
description: The phenomenon of leadership stemmed from the skills and abilities of a leader are led to the ideas of Great man theory and the Traits theory. Over the years the psychology of leadership argued that effective leadership is grounded in leaders' capacity that they share with others. The descriptive research investigates the evolutionary shift of leadership theories from individualistic perspective to environmentalist perspective in the era of democratization of environment and labour rights movements. The research finds that evolution of leadership theories has progressed from an individual-focused approach to recognizing the complex interplay between leaders, followers, and the broader environment. Research endorses that democratization of socio-political environment has corresponding effect upon the enactment of labor rights laws that correspondingly influenced evolution of leadership theories. Labor rights challenged customary concepts of individualistic leadership styles and highlighted need for addressing workers' rights and well-being in organizational contexts. Modern theories acknowledged the dynamic nature of leadership and emphasized the need for leaders to adapt their behaviors, styles, and decision-making processes based on the specific situational and contextual factors they encounter.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Qadar Bakhsh
creator: Naseeb Shah
creator: Faryal Raheem
creator: Sourath Maher
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30

BRICS: Opportunities and Challenges for the European Union
type: item
description: The BRICS announcement in 2009 by some developing nations alarmed the world, but Western scholars initially paid little attention. The growing trade relations between BRICS nations and the EU pose serious challenges for the former while also offering opportunities to strengthen economic cooperation with Asian, Latin American, and African states. With the addition of new member states, the BRICS has become BRICS plus, with some of the largest oil-producing states, such as Iran and the UAE, also joining the organization. The paper aims to discuss how the mutual dependence between the BRICS nations and the EU will bring opportunities and Challenges for the EU. Further, it will also describe the growing influence of China within the BRICS, which is likely to create some obstacles for the EU partner and the great power, the US, China's competitor. Additionally, the BRICS nations are trying to launch their own currency by ditching the dollar, which will also be challenging for the EU. Therefore, this paper will analyze the profound challenges and opportunities the EU is likely to face in trade with the BRICS nations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Adnan Sami
creator: Naeem Murad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30

Russo-US Power Politics in the Arctic: Implications on Climate Change (2010-2025)
type: item
description: With the emergence of the 21st Century and its modern challenges with respect to science and technology, the world has been facing environmental security issues. Due to climate change, the Arctic is considered as one of the most affected regions around the world. The climate change in the region has shaped geopolitics and emerged strategic importance among the regional stakeholders. This research proposes the power politics of Russia and the United States which shape and strengthen the implications of Climate Change and other environmental crises over there. On one side, the US has been struggling to maintain unipolarity by dominating while Russia, being a Revisionist state, is asserting its military power. Under the light of environmental security theory, this research has promoted the critical role of global politics and its impacts on both power politics and climate change. Hence, the research presents policy recommendations to preserve sovereignty and interests of each stakeholder along with the environmental security of the Arctic.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ezza Tariq
creator: Hiba Ahsan
creator: Qudsia Akram
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30

Pakistan's Middle Power Moment and the Re-Internationalization of Kashmir in the 2025 Polycrisis
type: item
description: In August 2019, India revoked Article 370, bifurcated Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, and reframed what had been a bilateral dispute under the Shimla Agreement (1972) as a settled internal constitutional matter, a shift from enforced bilateralism to enforced unilateralism that effectively removed Pakistan as a relevant diplomatic party. Six years later, a convergence of five geopolitical crises across 2025-26 appears to have partially disrupted this framing in ways that no amount of Pakistani diplomatic advocacy had managed in the intervening period. This paper examines whether those developments produced a structurally significant re-internationalization of the Kashmir dispute. Its central argument is that Pakistan temporarily performed middle-power functions, mediation, agenda-setting, and coalition facilitation, during the 2025-26 regional polycrisis, enabling limited re-entry of Kashmir into international crisis-management discourse. However, a 'convertibility paradox' appears to constrain the exploitation of these gains: the neutrality that generated Pakistan's mediatory credibility is incompatible with the partisan posture that sustained Kashmir advocacy demands. Applying the behavioural variant of middle power theory alongside the polycrisis concept and the paper's original concept of 'structural vacancy,' the analysis uses qualitative process-tracing and frame analysis of diplomatic communiques and multilateral forum outcomes from April 2025 to April 2026 to assess this tension. Five policy implications are developed. The paper's original contributions are the structural vacancy concept and the convertibility paradox.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Manahil Jaffer
creator: Muhammad Hasnain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30

Abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A and Its Regional Implications: Evidence through Systematic Literature Review Published During (2019-2026)
type: item
description: The aim of this study is to examine Articles 370 and 35A, abrogated by the Indian Government on August 5, 2019. This study utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020 guideline). The PRISMA methodology offers a way to encapsulate the systematic, transparent and reproducible identification, screening and synthesis of related literature. PRISMA provides thematic analysis through systematic literature review (SLR). This article investigates the political, legal, security, socio-economic and geopolitical impacts of the Indian government’s abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A. Only 11 articles out of 218 were selected from top databases such as Taylor and Francis journals, Springer link, ProQuest, Wiley Inter science and Google Scholars (see Appendix 1 at the end). All peer-reviewed articles published between 2019-2026 were shortlisted, analyzed and then presented in tabular forms. The findings show that the Indian government's abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A has changed the demographic structure of Indian illegally occupied Jammu and Kashmir. It also confirms that abrogation has caused short-term security benefits, such as the significant reduction of terrorism-related activities, political alienation, erosion of the Kashmiri political voice, and an overwhelming sense of fear of demographic changes with the removal of Article 35A. Furthermore, the abrogation has created a “skin-deep” calm and discredited the majority of the politics in the region. For Pakistan, the removal of Article 35A is a unilateral, illegal declaration of a disputed region, which heightens security dilemmas and constrains relations. The findings recommend that the abrogation of articles 370 and 35A will transform the Kashmir conflict without end, unless democratic processes are reinstated, Kashmiri identity issues are resolved, and effective dialogue is initiated between India and Pakistan. This review identifies significant gaps related to long-ter…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Abid Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30

Revisiting Kashmir in the Third Nuclear Age: Implications for Strategic Stability in South Asia
type: item
description: The Kashmir dispute remains the most enduring and strategically consequential territorial conflict between India and Pakistan, two nuclear-armed states whose recurrent crises continue to threaten regional and international security. This article examines the implications of the Kashmir dispute for strategic stability in South Asia within the context of the Third Nuclear Age, characterized by intensifying strategic competition, rapid technological innovation, grey-zone warfare, cyber capabilities, and the gradual erosion of traditional arms control frameworks. Drawing on qualitative analysis of contemporary strategic developments, the study argues that Kashmir functions not merely as a territorial dispute but as a structural driver of crisis instability by compressing escalation timelines, increasing the risks of miscalculation, and encouraging conventional and sub-conventional military competition under the shadow of nuclear deterrence. The article further reassesses General Pervez Musharraf's Four-Point Formula as a potential framework for conflict management and sustainable dispute resolution, evaluating its relevance within the evolving regional security environment. The analysis suggests that although the proposal remains politically challenging, several of its confidence-building and cooperative mechanisms retain practical significance for reducing tensions and promoting dialogue. The study concludes that strategic stability in South Asia cannot be achieved through deterrence alone. In the absence of sustained diplomatic engagement, reliable crisis communication mechanisms, effective multilateral involvement, and innovative regional security arrangements, the risks of escalation will persist. The article contributes to contemporary debates by demonstrating that the Kashmir dispute and nuclear stability are mutually reinforcing strategic challenges that must be addressed through integrated political, diplomatic, and security approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Adeela Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30

Operation Sindoor and the Geopolitics of Kashmir: Strategic Competition and Regional Security in South Asia
type: item
description: This study scrutinizes the evolving strategic worth of Kashmir within the broader geopolitical dynamics of India-Pakistan relations, using Operation Sindoor and its aftermath as an analytical lens. Operation Sindoor, though limited in scope, suffice to reveal that how military maneuvers, strategic posturing, and political narratives continue to redesign the regional security milieu. The study argues that the Kashmir conflict is not merely a bilateral territorial dispute but a strategic threat where geography, identity, and power converge to influence regional stability. The aftershock of the operation exposed the delicacy of diplomatic channels thereby revealing that India and Pakistan are trapped in deterrence-based stability rather than substantive conflict resolution. The findings suggest that while nuclear deterrence and international pressure reduce the likelihood of full-scale war, they do not address the structural and political drivers of conflict in Kashmir. The peace in South Asia remains contingent on political will, sustained dialogue, and recognition of Kashmir as both a human and geopolitical landscape. This study concludes that without addressing underlying political grievances and recalibrating strategic priorities, Kashmir will continue to function as the strategic pivot around which the future of India–Pakistan relations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Toheeda Begum
creator: Afzal Mahmood
creator: Nousheen Jamshed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30

My People the Sioux by Luther Standing Bear
type: item
description: My People, the Sioux is an autobiography of Luther Standing Bear of the Sioux tribe. It was first published in 1928. The book consists of episodic chapters published with certain changes in different editions. Standing Bear authored the narrative in his 60's. Throughout his life, he observed numerous important occurrences either firsthand or through his family; these accounts include certain events such as the threats by white troops following the assassination of General Custer at the Battle of Wounded Knee. He was the very first student at the notorious Carlisle Indian Boarding School. The book provides a candid glimpse at a person who was proud of his Sioux history while working hard to integrate or get along with white people. This book is a great source of information about life among the Sioux Indians in Dakota and Nebraska, as well as a personal account of how one man battled for integration and respect as a legal American citizen.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Muhammad Faiz ur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

Contribution of China- USA Relationship in the Web of Science Database: A Bibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: This study aims to underscore the contribution of the China-USA relationship under the bibliometric lens published in the Web of Science core collections. The study employed a bibliometric approach of content analysis. The findings reveal that a total of 10,035 publications on US-China were recorded in the Web of Science, and the majority of them were journal articles (83%), and 37.5% of them were open-access articles. The collection also reveals that the International Relations subject remained a highly contributing discipline with 13.8%, followed by astronomy, political science, and area studies. Furthermore, the most influential contributors were from China, such as Zhang Y, Wang J, and Wang Y, while the institutional-wise records show that the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Tsinghua University, and the University of California System were at the forefront. The record also reveals that China has contributed 65.4%, followed by the USA with 28.1% of publications. The publisher record reveals that Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, and Elsevier were the highest contributors, while publications in the English language remained the highest (96.2%). The study concludes that the literature on US-China is expanding exponentially at the global level in diverse disciplines. Recommendations include expanding open access, multilingual outputs, and collaborative research in order to enrich the academic discourse.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bibliometric Analysis; US-China Relations; Web of Science; Statistical Analysis; Research Productivity
  topic: keywords
creator: Abid Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

The Kashmir Conflict: Geography, Politics, and United Nations Intervention
type: item
description: The Jammu and Kashmir dispute is one of the longest running and most complex territorial disputes in modern international relations. Rooted in the legacies of British colonialism, disputed sovereignty and competing nationalisms, the conflict has been shaped to an extraordinary degree by the region's peculiar geography, demography, and early international intervention through the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The partition of British India in 1947 introduced a new element of uncertainty in princely states like that of Jammu and Kashmir and the stage was set for one of the longest running conflicts in South Asia. While there were international attempts at settlement primarily through the UNSC and the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) that offered the normative frameworks for peaceful settlement and demilitarization and for self-determination, such efforts were fraught with structural limitations, political contestation and the geographical and strategic realities of the region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kashmir conflict, Self-determination,
  topic: keywords
creator: Anees ur Rashid Hashmi
creator: Zahid Aziz
creator: Matloob Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

Kashmir Terrorism and Politics of Blame
type: item
description: Kashmir has been a long-standing conflicted region between Pakistan and India. It has been shaped by opposing narratives which drown out the pain of ordinary Kashmiri’s. The objectives of this study reflect Indian strategic hypocrisy of sponsoring terrorism in Kashmir while ignoring its own involvement as well as blaming Pakistan without any concrete evidence. Pakistan rejected Indian claims, because India uses Kashmir as a threshold of war against Pakistan also to legitimize its presence in Indian illegally occupied Kashmir (IIOK). Pakistan advocated for a free and fair referendum as mandated by the United Nation Resolution. The blame politics often diverts attention from local issues and perpetuates the conflicts in the region. For instance, the URI attack in 2016, the Pulwama attack in 2019, and most recently the Pahalgam attack in 2025 each episode follows the similar pattern of attack blaming Pakistan, India domestic media become frenzy and follow dissenting narratives. The significance of this study lies in the analysis of blame politics. The study recommends that blame politics hides the grievances of the local Kashmiri’s and the rights given by the UN charter. The study contributes insightful knowledge for policymakers, scholarly realms, and academia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pakistan, India, Kashmir, Conflict, LOC, Militants, United Nations, Terrorism
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Ali Shah
creator: Muhammad Bilal Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

Examining Human Rights Violations in IIOJK: Post-Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A of the Indian Constitution
type: item
description: The abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A on 5th August, 2019, constitutes a critical rupture in the political and constitutional framework governing Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir (IIOJK). This study examines the resulting transformation of social and political order in the region, with particular emphasis on the rising human rights violations between 2019 and 2025. Employing an inductive qualitative methodology, the research relies on secondary data drawn from secondary sources to further clarify the problem with utmost care. The findings reveal that the revocation of Kashmir’s special constitutional status has enabled extensive centralization of authority, accompanied by the expansion of domicile and land rights to non-Kashmiris. From a settler-colonial analytical lens, just like Israeli illegal settlements in Palestine. These measures are interpreted as instruments of demographic and political reengineering aimed at diluting indigenous political agency. This paper will use Palestine as an example of the settler-colonial concept being practiced in IIOJK. Simultaneously, the persistent use of coercive legal frameworks and securitization strategies has contributed to political marginalization, social alienation, and widespread allegations of human rights violations. Anchored in realist theory, the study argues that India’s post-2019 Kashmir policy reflects a strategic pursuit of territorial consolidation and regional hegemony, wherein sovereignty and security imperatives override normative commitments to human rights. This theoretical framework also explains the restrained response of the international community. The article further situates the Kashmir dispute within the enduring India-Pakistan rivalry, warning that unilateral constitutional and demographic interventions risk intensifying bilateral tensions. The study concludes that sustainable peace in Kashmir is essential for ensuring the right of self-determination, an inalienable right of the people …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social tensions, Political tensions, Human Rights, IIOJK, Article 370, Article 35A
  topic: keywords
creator: Amna Naz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

The Kashmir Issue between India and Pakistan: Political, Strategic, and Humanitarian Dimensions
type: item
description: The Kashmir dispute, which has been pitting India and Pakistan, has been one of the longest but most complex territorial disputes in the South Asian region. Kashmir has been pointed out as one of the basic pivots of enmity, which has resulted in several wars, as well as several cases of armed conflict, between the two nations since the partition of British India in 1947. The Kashmir dispute has evolved from being an interstate dispute to an identity in terms of leverage and human security, and has finally developed into an embodiment of a supportive conflict situation. The Kashmir dispute could persist as it does, thanks to resolute national discourses, as well as the power dynamics in the region, and the ineffectiveness of international efforts aimed at developing long-lasting solutions. Within the in-depth historical context of this research, this study shall explore several reasons behind the inefficacy of previous efforts at developing solutions to the Kashmir dispute through the use of qualitative modes of analysis, which are reliant upon secondary research materials and informed by several strategic aspects such as aspects of military power dynamics, as well as hydrological aspects, as well as human aspects, which include the Kashmiri.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aiman Batool
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

The Impact of Social Media Censorship and Algorithmic Bias on Kashmir’s Digital Visibility
type: item
description: This paper examines how content moderation and algorithmic filtering on major social media platforms have ultimately decreased the digital visibility of Kashmir-related issues, adopting an advocacy orientation by Pakistan. The analysis surveys incidents across global platforms (X/Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube) and regional contexts to document takedowns, shadow bans, and restricted reach of Kashmir-focused voices. Case studies include government-mandated blocks of Kashmiri media on X/Twitter, the prohibition of the independent Kashmir Walla outlet on Facebook and X/Twitter, and reports of Pakistani activists and journalists-examples include the Free Press Kashmir team and actress Armeena Khan-experiencing unexplained suspensions and shadow bans. The paper further researches how platform algorithms and policies-including expansive "terrorism" filters and biases toward "dominant communities"-systematically suppress pro-Kashmir discourse. Geopolitically, it illustrates that platforms often comply with the Indian government's requests or with U.S. policy presets, to disproportionately target Kashmiri content. Finally, the paper offers recommendations-including increased transparency for state takedown requests, independent audits of moderation algorithms, and adherence to international free-expression norms, such as the ICCPR-which would protect the online rights of Pakistani and Kashmiri voices. The findings indicate that the current state of the moderation practice makes Kashmiri stories effectively invisible to a global audience, at odds with the supposed commitment of platforms to free, open discourse.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: India, Pakistan, Kashmir, Algorithm Bias, Social media
  topic: keywords
creator: Alina Fayaz
creator: Muskan Moazzam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

Media, Nationalism, and the Kashmir Crisis: A Comparative Content Analysis of Two Leading South Asian Newspapers
type: item
description: After the events of 5th August 2019, when the Indian Government revoked Articles 370 and 35A of its constitution, the political and media landscape regarding Kashmir conflict has been drastically changed. The study examines how the leading newspapers of India and Pakistan- Hindustan Times (India), and Dawn (Pakistan) framed Kashmir issue in their respective issues during three months’ time. The findings of the study reveal that Hindustan Times provided more coverage to Kashmir in sharp contrast with Dawn. However, the issue was highlighted through the lens of Article 370/35A, territorial sovereignty, and Indian state narratives and the frames used by the newspaper were often war oriented. On the other hand, Dawn focused on international reaction and emphasized peace oriented and solution frames. The study demonstrates how media framing reinforces national positions on contested political issues, shaping public consciousness and international perceptions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Babar Hussain Shah
creator: Syed Mubashar Hussain Shah
creator: Muhammad Ishtiaq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31

Militarization and Everyday Life in Indian-Administered Kashmir Post-1989
type: item
description: This qualitative study explores the pervasive impact of militarization on everyday civilian life in Indian-administered Kashmir since the outbreak of armed insurgency in 1989. Drawing on a wide range of scholarly literature, human rights reports, ethnographic accounts, and journalistic sources, the research synthesizes how protracted conflict and the continuous presence of military forces have fundamentally restructured the region's socio-economic, political, and psychological landscape. The analysis is structured around four central themes: economic dislocation and structural violence¹; gendered experiences, particularly those of women facing displacement, trauma, and activism; youth alienation amidst educational disruption and identity struggles; and the widespread surveillance and militarization of public space. Guided by theoretical frameworks such as structural violence, biopolitics, necropolitics, and everyday resistance, the study highlights how militarization operates not only as a security strategy but as a system of governance that penetrates all aspects of daily life. Despite enduring state control and systemic violence, Kashmiri civilians continue to exhibit resilience through subtle and overt forms of resistance. The paper underscores the urgency of re-centering civilian experiences in policy discussions and calls for a reimagining of peace that prioritizes demilitarization, justice, and dignity for the people of Kashmir.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Uzair Amjad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03

Impact of Power Unification and Simultaneous Interpretation by Superior Judiciary: A Critical Analysis
type: item
description: The dearth of specialized constitutional court(s) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan places an unnecessary strain on the superior judiciary in both the regions. The interpretation of statutes and constitutional interpretation constitute two distinct processes with various considerations and approaches. However, the judges of superior courts of Pakistan and AJ&K have to interpret both statutes and the constitution which makes their work more difficult and reduces the effectiveness of the courts. Besides, conflicts of interest arise from judges' dual responsibilities in supreme judicial councils, thereby rendering it challenging to impartially implement judicial conduct standards. Moreover, the natural justice notion has been compromised by the manner in which contempt of court proceedings are handled because the judges of the superior courts serve as both prosecutors and complainants, in matters related to the contempt. The constitutions of both regions provide the superior judiciaries with considerable amounts of authority which imposes more responsibility and more pressure on judges. Thereby, this research is dynamic considering a descriptive and analytical approach to examine the powers of superior courts in both areas. This work also suggests the establishment of separate constitutional court(s) to deal only with constitutional and ancillary matters to it, while offering an overall framework for improving fairness and effectiveness in the higher judiciary of Pakistan and AJ&K.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Syed Murad Ali Shah
creator: Syed Muhammad Farrukh Bukhari
creator: Khawaja Noor ul Ain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03

Indo-Pak Policies Appraisal vis-à-vis contemporary Kashmir Conflict Dynamics
type: item
description: The Kashmir conflict remains a central issue in Indo-Pakistani relations, reflecting deep ideological divides and posing significant challenges to regional stability. This paper examines the contrasting policies of India and Pakistan regarding Kashmir, focusing on their implications for regional security and the rights of the Kashmiri population. India's 2019 revocation of Article 370 marked a shift toward territorial consolidation and demographic changes, accompanied by heavy security measures that have sparked domestic and international criticism. In contrast, Pakistan’s strategy has centered on internationalizing the issue, emphasizing human rights violations and seeking global support. The paper explores the structural barriers to conflict resolution, such as mutual distrust and the marginalization of Kashmiri voices, and the role of external actors like China and the United States. It advocates for inclusive conflict resolution strategies, such as confidence-building measures, local stakeholder involvement, and strengthened governance, to transform Kashmir from a source of conflict to a platform for regional cooperation and peace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Syed Mushahid Hussain Naqvi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03

The New Emerging Technology Cyber Capabilities: Prospective Hazards on Deterrence Stability between India and Pakistan
type: item
description: The growing development and deployment of emerging disruptive technologies like cyber capabilities brings new challenges to deterrence stability in South Asia in the third nuclear age. This paper intends to explore cyber insecurity and modern warfare in the presence of core bone of contention the Kashmir conflict. In the south Asian strategic environment, India and Pakistan perceive cyber threats as steering toward critical infrastructure. In the current geopolitical environment, among nine nuclear weapon states like India and Pakistan in addition are modernizing their cyber capabilities. In that context, the use of grey zone and electronic warfare strategies complicates the already fragile mutual trust and deterrence framework. The paper investigates how deterrence stability in South Asia is being impacted by the use of new technologies, including network-centric warfare, which is shifting traditional armed maneuvers. The study gives insight that without guardrails the use such tactics will destabilize stability and making it more complex to lead towards Peaceful resolution of Kashmir issue. The study used a qualitative method and data points of the academic research are policy documents, expert interviews, and media coverage. The study brings novelty in its strategic analysis by using method of comparative case study. The findings will highlight how a cyber-nuclear risk without the resolution of Kashmir issue is putting the region under catastrophic danger. It should be comprehended that policymakers, practitioner to work on mechanisms in the face of developing technologies that can mitigate nuclear risks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Adeela Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03

The situation of AJK in 1947: Progress of the past 77 years
type: item
description: The paper illustrates the historical status and background of Jammu Kashmir in 1947 and the milestones achieved in Azad Jammu Kashmir development in the past 77 years. The partitioning of British India in 1947 made Jammu and Kashmir a troubled region. The territory of AJK has significantly changed in the past 77 years in terms of politics, economy, and social life. The AJK state is politically independent with its government and legislative house. Its administration has been changing a lot in the region to ensure that the administration is improved to enable the region to have local autonomy. Through the Pakistani investment and foreign aid, AJK has also come up in terms of development of infrastructure, health care and education. Economic growth has been as a result of the construction of large-scale hydroelectric plants and the development of road transportation. However, the regions are yet to handle such challenges as poor industrialization, unemployment, minimal industrialization, and the impact of disasters such as the catastrophic earthquake in 2005. AJK has improved its literacy level and equality among sexes socially as more women have been involved in education and the labor market. Although such gains have been made, the paper indicates that the region still grapple with poverty, lack of access to quality health care, as well as legacies of the continuous war with India and the border India Kashmir problem.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Syeda Sadaf Zahra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03

Youth’s expectations from the government of AJK: Initiatives of recent government
type: item
description: The youth of Azad Jammu and Kashmir doesn’t not carry very high expectations from its government. However, they have to be optimistic and consistently putting their itinerary(agenda) in front of the government to ensure their legitimate rights. On the other hand, government keeps on working for the improvement of Kashmir but that is not up to the mark. Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir needs to work on different areas such as: administrative areas, they have to correct their managerial issues and so on. The main objectives of this research is to find out the real situation of health sector, depilates situation of government structure, cultural preservation, employment, technology and innovation, social issues, skill development, safety and security, sports and recreation, clean and healthy environment and so on that full fill the needs of youth’s expectation. To achieve this purpose a survey was conducted by using question air and taking interviews of some government officers and young people to understand the value of their expectations or needs. The major findings of this research includes low employment and low wages as well, low health facilities, social issues, need of latest technology, cultural issues etc. This study also specifies the initiatives that recent government also proceeds for the betterment of youth. These comprises are; public service commission, NTS, social protection, supremacy of merit and transparency and accountability The result of the research shows that youth has high expectations from its government in many possible ways. Furthermore; this study revealed that the recent government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir take initiative for the progress of youth assumptions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Simra khayyar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03

Endangered Kashmiri Language: Threat to Kashmiri Identity
type: item
description: This paper examines the endangerment of the Kashmiri language in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The primary objective of the study was to identify the key factors contributing to the endangerment of the Kashmiri language in Muzaffarabad, AJK. A quantitative research design was employed within the positivist tradition, using a cross-sectional research method. The study was conducted in Khawaja Mohalla, Muzaffarabad, a predominantly native Kashmiri-speaking community. A sample of 400 respondents was selected using the Taro Yamane formula, with participants chosen through purposive sampling. We collected data via a questionnaire and analysed it through SPSS. The overall conclusion we have drawn from the study is that the Kashmiri language is endangered due to several factors. To prevent further endangerment, several measures need to be taken immediately. One significant issue identified is the failure of elders to fulfill their role in preserving and passing down the language to younger generations, leading to reduced motivation among youth to learn their mother tongue. We substantiate the social identity theory that the Kashmiri language becomes marginalized, leading to identity endangerment. This is best understood as a process that threatens both individual and collective identity. To safeguard the language, authorities must include Kashmiri literature in school curricula.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Farooq Abdullah
creator: Hazir Ullah
creator: Muhammad Shoaib
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03

Ethnic Cleansing of Muslims in IOJK and Life at LOC
type: item
description: Kashmir, now the nuclear flashpoint between two nuclear-armed states, has a long history of ethnic cleansing of Muslims. From the Maharaja’s time to Modi’s contemporary India, Kashmiris have been a victim of Indian forces. They have been facing physical as well psychological violence. LOC is the boundary dividing Kashmir between Pakistan and India; and the life of people living near LOC is nothing near normal. Their lives and properties are always under attack of some sort by the occupying power. This paper discusses the ethnic cleansing of Muslims by Indian forces and the dynamics of the life of people at LOC. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the atrocities committed in IOJK and the miseries of people residing near LOC.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hamza Ashfaq
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-01
publication date: 2022-01-01

Pro-Environment Workforce: Employee Behavior in the Pharmaceutical Companies of Sundar Industrial Estate
type: item
description: Environmental concerns have now been integrated into the corporate social responsibility debate. This study aims to find out the environmental corporate social responsibility and pro-environmental behaviour of employees of medicine companies of Sundar Industrial State, Lahore. For this study environmental CSR was taken as an independent variable (Environmental Management System) whereas the dependent variable is the pro-environmental behaviour of employees. A cross-sectional survey method has been used to conduct the study. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondents and collect data from respondents (n=170). The respondents were the employees of medicine companies at the Sundar Industrial Estate. The tool for data collection was a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that environment-related corporate social responsibility was not fulfilled by the corporations and the behaviour of employees was not environmentally friendly. The study concluded that environmental CSR and pro-environmental behaviour of employees have a positive correlation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ishtiaq Ahmad
creator: Marriam Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-01
publication date: 2022-01-01

Demographic Changes in Indian Occupied Jammu and Kashmir and the UN Resolutions
type: item
description: Article 73 of the United Nations Charter interpreted the Indian Independence Act, which vocally discussed the disputed status of Kashmir territory. The UN passed significant resolutions of this dispute such as UNSCR-38, 39, 47, 51, 80, 91, 98, 122, and 1172 and urged India and Pakistan to discuss the issue bilaterally and resume the dialogue that was halted multiple times because of ongoing clashes between both states. The UN proposed these resolutions to conduct an impartial plebiscite, but New Delhi did not cater to all these calls. Despite all, in 2019 Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi revoked Articles 370 and 35A and attempted to modify the demographical status of Kashmir. This research argued that this act only serves to perpetuate the vicious cycle and lawless politics. In an ideologically divided society, the identity-based enmity would further satisfy the Indian policy against the right of self-determination. This paper contends that India under the Modi government’s policies endeavors to reshape the demographic characteristics of Indian Administered Jammu and Kashmir through spatial and temporal politics that will alter the nature of the Kashmir conflict. The study explores the future of UNSC resolutions and answers the questions under debate (a) are UNSC resolutions still relevant? (b) if not, then what will be the future of Kashmir? India transforming domestic politics is an appalling mark for the stability of Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir. This research will be deductive and qualitative, integrating historical and descriptive methods to examine and interpret data.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kashmir Dispute, UNSC Resolutions, Pakistan and India, Abrogation of Article 370, and 35A
  topic: keywords
creator: Arsim Tariq
creator: Rashida Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-01
publication date: 2022-01-01

Dialectic of Trauma in Kashmiri and African American Literature: A Comparative Study of Shahnaz Bashir and Toni Morrison
type: item
description: This paper seeks to examine the fictional works of two contemporary authors i.e. Shahnaz Bashir and Toni Morrison through the lens of trauma theory. The main argument is that both Bashir and Morrison use fiction to articulate the traumatic history of their ostracized communities–Kashmiri and African American people respectively. One novel of each novelist, i.e. The Half Mother (2014) and Beloved (1987) has been chosen for analysis. Utilizing the conceptual framework presented by Cathy Caruth, this research endeavors to explore how the trauma-hit protagonists, Haleema and Sethe, endure the havoc of troubled histories. The study attempts to see how far the flashback of the traumatic memories of Sethe and Haleema contribute to record the factual history of African Americans and Kashmiris. The secondary argument is that both novels are chiefly characterized with key tenets of trauma theory as the authors present the haunting pasts and hallucinations of the protagonists. The study first delineates trauma, and then goes on to focus on its critical aspects. It further explores how memory and history function in the selected works. Both authors belong to two different geographical locations but have used fiction to articulate historically traumatizing events. The research is interdisciplinary in nature as it draws upon the disciplines of literature, history, and literary theory. In the works of Morrison and Bashir, literature functions as a site for an overdue representation of an unclaimed instant of trauma.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trauma, fiction, history, memory, community
  topic: keywords
creator: Fayaz Ahmad Kumar
creator: Amina Ghazanfar
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-01
publication date: 2022-01-01

International Law and Self Determination: A Case for Kashmir’s Special Status
type: item
description: Kashmir has been under illegal Indian Occupation since the independence of the Indian sub-continent from the British Raj. The UN has been calling for a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue, but India has had evaded the peace process despite taking the matter to the UN itself. India has been violating international law and committing human rights abuses in the previously autonomous region of Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK). On August 5, 2019 the Indian government revoked Article 370 along with Article 35A of the Constitution of India in a bid to bring comprehensive political and demographic changes to the region. Legal and governance-based logic floated by India cannot justify its act of unilateral revocation of the special status of Kashmir which is a disputed territory between India and Pakistan and cannot be decided without the mutual consent of all the claimants. Although India has been abusing human rights for decades, altering Kashmir demographically is the most tyrannical step taken by the Indian government as it is a step to depriving the Kashmiris of their right to land and self-determination. This paper builds on the illegality of debate in international law concerning India’s revocation of Kashmir’s special status.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kashmir, Article 370, India, Pakistan, International Law, Human Rights Violations
  topic: keywords
creator: Zaheer Abbas Chohan
creator: Naveed Anjum Naru
creator: Huma Ikhlaq
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-01
publication date: 2022-01-01

The Third Wave of Democratic Transition in Pakistan 1980-1990
type: item
description: This research paper tries to explore that how the third wave of democratic transition took place in Pakistan. How the phenomena of democratic transition and consolidation in Pakistan passed through different phases? It also spotlights on the factors which played eminent and effective role for democratic transition as well as consolidation in the country. Moreover, the study explains the process of transition from authoritarianism to democracy in Pakistan while focusing on the theory and practice of transitology and consolidology. The different modes of democratic transition have been discussed to see how democratic transitions in different modes took place in Pakistan. Main concern is to see how different theoretical approaches such as transitology and consolidology are associated in the process of transition from dictatorship to democracy. Political scientists of the world have discussed the democratic transitions that took place in several countries of the world. However, no scholar of this domain from abroad and Pakistan has still investigated that how the third wave of democratic transition took place in Pakistan. In this study, an attempt is made to analyze transitional history of Pakistan in general and third wave of democratic transition in particular.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pakistan, Democracy, Transition, History and Wave
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Aslam
creator: Muhammad Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-06
publication date: 2022-01-06

Exploring the Contested Nature of Cyber Crimes and Identity Theft: The Case of Balancing Security and Privacy in Pakistan’s Cyber Laws
type: item
description: There is no denying the fact that human beings have become too dependent on technology. Based on a study conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, around 30 percent of the world’s population has access to the internet and currently 70% of the world population has mobile and broadband subscriptions. The downside of the increase in the number of connecting devices and sophistication in information technology is an increase in the number of computer-mediated problems. Cyberspace is a term used to describe the virtual ‘geography’ of the internet. Computer technology and networking innovations have undoubtedly given rise to what some have described as a ‘borderless’ and network society which enables instantaneous communication between private individuals, governmental authorities and businesses. That is to say, the usual boundaries of communication do not apply to the “cyberspace,” as the internet does not occupy any physical space. Transactions can be initiated in one country, processed in another, and concluded in yet another. Consequently, actions and processes that are conducted in the cyberspace will often not fall under the legal control and jurisdiction of a single state. This article examines these computer-related challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Syed Raza Shah Gilani
creator: Zahid Ullah
creator: Abdus Samad Khan Marwat
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-06
publication date: 2022-01-06

Role of Islamic Work Ethics: Analysis of Nurses’ Job Stress & Performance Relationship
type: item
description: The study is planned to examine the moderating role of Islamic Work Ethic in Job Stress and Nurses’ Job Performance Relationship at healthcare centers of Muzaffarabad city in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. We employed a cross-sectional design to undertake the study and data were collected from the respondents using a questionnaire. The respondents of the study included 223 female nurses employed at healthcare centers of Muzaffarabad city in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pearson’s Correlation and multiple regression analysis were applied to analyze the data through SPSS Version 23. The results of the study revealed a significant negative relationship between job stress and job performance (r= –0.326**) and positive relationship between Islamic Work Ethic and Job Performance (r= 0.701**). Further, we found that Islamic Work Ethic weakened the negative relationship between Job Stress and Nurses’ Job Performance. The study has limitation of using self-report measures that may result in response bias. Further, we suggest that future researchers may test the moderating effect of other buffers such as spirituality and organizational virtuousness in relationship of job stress and job performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Noor-ul-ain Shabbir
creator: Muhammad Asadullah
creator: Rabia Naqvi
creator: Khalid Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KASHMIR STUDIES
date: 2022-01-06
publication date: 2022-01-06